The Idealized Brazilian Health System versus the real one: contributions from the nursing field / O Sistema Único de Saúde idealizado versus o realizado: contribuições da Enfermagem / El Sistema Único de Salud idealizado versus el realizado: contribuciones de la Enfermería

OBJECTIVE: to identify the perceptions of professionals working in a facility connected with the Brazilian Unified Health System - SUS in regard to what they know, think and talk about public health policy. METHOD: this exploratory-descriptive study with a qualitative nature was conducted with 28 professionals working in a facility connected with the SUS. Data were collected through interviews with guiding questions and analyzed through the thematic content analysis technique. RESULTS: coded and interpreted data resulted in three thematic axes: The SUS - perfect web that does not work in practice; The recurrent habit of complaining about the SUS; The need to rethink the way of thinking about, acting in and managing the SUS. CONCLUSION: the professionals working for the SUS are aware of the principles and guidelines that govern the Brazilian health system, however, they reproduce a dichotomous and linear model of conception and practice strongly linked to the thinking of society in general. .

OBJETIVO: conhecer a percepção de profissionais que atuam em uma instituição conveniada com o Sistema Único de Saúde sobre o que sabem, pensam e falam dessa política pública de saúde. MÉTODO: trata-se de estudo exploratório-descritivo, de caráter qualitativo, realizado com 28 profissionais que atuam em uma instituição conveniada com o Sistema Único de Saúde. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas com questões norteadoras e analisados pela técnica de análise de conteúdo temática. RESULTADOS: os dados codificados e interpretados resultaram em três eixos temáticos: Sistema Único de Saúde - teia perfeita que não funciona na prática; o recorrente hábito de reclamar do Sistema Único de Saúde; a necessidade de repensar o modo de pensar, atuar e gerir o Sistema Único de Saúde. CONCLUSÃO: os profissionais que atuam no Sistema Único de Saúde têm conhecimento dos princípios e diretrizes que regem o sistema de saúde nacional, no entanto, reproduzem um modelo de concepção e atuação dicotômico, pontual e linear ainda fortemente vigente no pensar da sociedade em geral. .

OBJETIVO: conocer la percepción de profesionales que actúan en una institución que tiene convenio con el Sistema Único de Salud - SUS sobre lo que saben, piensan y hablan de esta política pública de salud. MÉTODO: se trata de un estudio exploratorio descriptivo, de carácter cualitativo, realizado con 28 profesionales que actúan en una institución que tiene convenio con el SUS. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de entrevistas con preguntas orientadoras y analizados con la técnica de análisis de contenido temático. RESULTADOS: los datos codificados y interpretados resultaron en tres ejes temáticos: SUS - red perfecta que no funciona en la práctica; el recurrente hábito de reclamar del SUS; y la necesidad de repensar el modo de pensar, actuar y administrar el SUS. CONCLUSIÓN: los profesionales que actúan en el SUS tienen conocimiento de los principios y directrices que gobiernan el sistema de salud nacional, sin embargo, reproducen un modelo de concepción y actuación dicotómico, puntual, linear y además fuertemente vigente en el pensar de la sociedad en general. .

The prophylactic effects of folic acid and vitamin E against valproic acid during fetal thymus development: an ultrastructural study / Los efectos profilácticos del ácido fólico y la vitamina E contra el ácido valproico durante el desarrollo fetal del timo: un estudio ultraestructural

To evaluate histopathologic differences in the thymus of Wistar Albino rat fetuses prenatally exposed to valproic acid (VPA), folic acid (FA) and vitamin E (Vit-E). VPA (400 mg/kg), FA (400 mcg/kg) and Vit -E (250 mg/kg) were administered to rats on each of gestation days 8, 9 and 10. The fetuses (n:24) were divided into four groups: control, VPA, VPA+Vit-E and VPA+FA groups. On the 20th day of gestation, all pregnant rats were sacrificed and the fetuses were extracted. Thin sections from thymus of live fetuses were stained with uranyl acetate-lead citrate and were examined under transmission electron microscope. The histopathological findings of control group was normal. In VPA group, it showed extensive degenerative changes by VPA were on all tissue compartments when compared to controls. In VPA-FA group, vacuoles, mitochondrial cristalysis and swelling were decreased in cytoplasm. In VPA-Vit-E group, lipid storage and vacuolization were observed. Mitochondrial cristalysis decreased. Our aim in the present study is to analyze histopathological changes which may occur in a high risk experimental model after giving of VPA. In addition, protective roles of the administration of FA and Vit-E are assessed.

Se realizó este estudio para evaluar las diferencias histopatológicas en el timo de fetos de ratas Wistar Albinas expuestas prenatalmente a ácido valproico (VPA), ácido fólico (AF) y vitamina E (Vit-E). VPA (400 mg/kg), FA (400 mcg/kg) y vitamina E (250mg/kg) administradas a ratas en los días 8, 9 y 10 de gestación. Los fetos (n=24) fueron divididos en cuatro grupos: control, APV, APV + vitamina E y VPA + FA. En el día 20 de gestación, todas las ratas preñadas fueron sacrificadas y los fetos fueron extraídos. Se obtuvieron secciones delgadas del timo de los fetos y se tiñeron con citrato de uranilo - acetato de plomo, siendo examinados al microscopio electrónico de transmisión. Los hallazgos histopatológicos del grupo control fueron normales. En el grupo VPA, se observaron cambios degenerativos en todos los compartimentos de tejido en comparación con los controles. En el grupo VPA+FA, las vacuolas, cristalisis mitocondrial e inflamación se redujeron en el citoplasma. En grupo VPA + Vitamina E, se observó el almacenamiento de lípidos y vacuolización. La cristalisis mitocondrial disminuyó. El estudio permitió analizar los cambios histopatológicos que pueden ocurrir en un modelo experimental de alto riesgo después de la administración de VPA, además, las funciones de protección por la administración de AF y vitamina E.

Estradiol induced thymus alterations in adult male albina rat: histological and immunohistochemical study

Thymus is responsible for generation of most of circulating T-cells, Although estrogen regulates thymic development, exposure to increasing amounts of exogenous estrogen would modulate thymus structure, function as well as immune system. Was to study the structural changes of thymus after estradiol injection in an attempt to verify the mode of action. 40 adult male albino rats were used dividing into control and experimental groups. Each animal of experimental groups [B 1, B2 and B3] was injected subcutaneously with 5, 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight of estradiol valerate [E2], respectively daily for two weeks. Thymus was dissected and weighted. One lobe was processed for paraffin sections and stained with TUNNEL method to demonstrate apoptosis and the other one used to be examined by transmission electron microscope. Thymus was shrunk and its weight was significantly decreased only in subgroups B2 and B3. Their LM examinations showed degenerated thymocytes and epithelial cells with dense bodies and debris in between intact cells. Large cells enclosed disrupted cells within their cytoplasm. EM examination revealed degenerated thymocytes exhibiting criteria of apoptosis, apoptotic bodies, degenerated epithelial cells and vacuoles of different sizes and shapes inside or outside the cells. Large cells exhibited criteria of epithelial cells enclosed within their cytoplasm intact cells, apoptotic cells, apoptotic bodies and lysosomes were observed. Macrophages with lysosomes and tissue debris were also recorded. Immunohistochemical studies revealed marked increase in the dense brown apoptotic nuclei in subgroups B2 and B3 comparing with control. Estradiol induced involution and degeneration of thymus through increasing apoptosis of thymocytes

Ultrastructure immunohistopatholgical study on the anti-inflammatory response to dexamethasone under the influence of pyrethroids

The present study investigates the interaction of Dexamethasone with acute inflammation induced by Carrageenan [CGN] in the presence of the synthetic insecticide pyrethroid. Sixty adult male Sprague Dawly rats were utilized to study the immunological, histological and ultrastructure of the spleen, thymus gland and skeletal muscles. The animals were divided into six groups: Control group, carrageenan-treated group, carrageenan-dexamathasone-treated group, and three insecticide exposed groups, one of them was exposed to insecticidal preparation only whereas the two other groups were treated with either CGN or CGN with dexamethasone. Microscopic examination of spleen and thymus gland parraffin sections of the CGN animals showed distortion of their normal architecture, degenerative changes and dilated and congested blood capillaries. Moreover, hyaline appearance, hemorrhage, cellular debris and necrosis could be observed. Extensive changes in the skeletal muscles were observed, while electron microscopic examination revealed irregular shaped nuclei and mitochondria. In addition insecticide-exposed CGN treated groups have shown microscopic degenerative changes both in spleen and thymus. These degenerative changes disappeared when treated with dexamethasone. Ultrastructure examination showed highly disintegrated myofilaments and completely degenerated mitochondria of the skeletal muscle. This study included also the determination of serum total protein, albumin, globulin and total immunoglobulin G, which recorded a disturbance in the immunoresponse, especially in the carrageenan and dexamethasone, pyrethroids-exposed groups

Histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of the effect of estrogen intake on the thymus of female albino rat before and after puberty

This study was conducted on 24 healthy female albino rats to domenstrate histological and immunohistochemical changes which may occur in the thymus after injection of diethylstilbestrol. The animals were divided into two main groups [12 animals each]: prepubertal and postpubertal. Each group were subdivided into control and treated groups [6 animals each]. The control groups were subcutaneously daily injected with corn oil. While, the treated groups were injected with 17.5 microg/ 100 grams body weight of diethylstilbesterol. After 14 days of injections. the thymuses were dissected, divided into two parts, one for histological and estrogen receptors study, while the second part for ultrastructural study. The thymus of the control prepubertal group appeared with many packed thymocytes and dark star shaped reticular epithelial cells in-between. However, control postpubertal thymus appeared with mild thickening of interlobular septa, less packed thymocytes. Many cells noticed with small electron dense nuclei, peripheral condensation of heterochromatin, irregular nuclear membrane and unrecognized cell organoids [apoptotic cells]. In addition to pale cells with large wide processes and dark star shaped cells with slender narrow processes in-between thymocytes. Sections of treated prepubertal thymus glands showed, thickening of the thymic capsule with fat infiltration and loss of distinction between the cortex and medulla. There was an increase in the number of Hassall s corpuscles and large reticular cells with large pale nuclei and pale cytoplasm in the thymic medulla. Additionally, transmission electron microscope study of this group revealed, many cells at different stages of apoptotsis. However, treated postpubertal thymus appeared with marked depletion of the cortical thymocytes of some Lobules and many cells at different stages of apoptosis. The immuriostainirig for estrogen receptor showed that, estrogen receptor was expressed in some thymic cells of the cortex especially, the subcapsular, around interlobular septa and at the corticomedullary zones. However, the thymocytes appeared negatively reacted. In the medulla, the Hassall s corpuscles were weak positively reacted. The intensity of the reaction appeared varied according to the age of the animals and appeared to increase after the treatment. In conclusion, estrogen administration revealed many histological and immunohistochemical changes in pre and postpubertal thymuses which may alter the immune responses. So, contraception methods must be chosen carefully especially in young aged females

Morphological study of mouse [BALB/c] thymus after high and low dose dexamethasone treatment

Dexamethasone induces thymic atrophy and thymocyte apoptosis. In the present study histological and ultrastructural changes which occur in the thymus of the mouse [BALB/c] following treatment with high [20 mg/kg] and low [8 mg/kg] doses of dexamethasone were investigated. In low dose treated mice, apoptotic cells were observed focally and localized mainly in thymic nurse cells [T.N.C.]. A zone of intact thymocytes was formed in the medulla of animals receiving 20 mg/kg of dexamethasone as well as an increase in trans-endothelial vesicles and a decrease in the size of the vesicles in the cortical capillaries. The enveloped thymocytes within thymic nurse cells respond to dexamethasone through apoptosis, and these changes were seen to be more severe in mice treated with high doses of dexamethasone. The formation of apoptotic cells in the thymus caused by low dose dexamethasone mimics the physiological process of cell death. Differential effects of low dose and high dose dexamethasone may have pharmacological and immunological implications

Observations on the vascular barrier of the thymus in albino rat

A light and electron microscope study was performed to provide further information on the blood thymic barrier. Ten thymus glands were obtained from ten male albino rats ranging in age from 4 to 8 weeks. Paraffin sections were prepared. stained by Fix. and E. and examined by light microscope. Other specimens were processed for transmission electron microscope examination. The haematoxylin and eosin stained sections showed the thymic lobules consisting of cortex and medulla where the lymphocytes were condensely packed in the cortex but sparsely arranged in the medulla. Hassall's corpuscles appeared in the medulla and high endothelial venules were observed at the corticomedullary junction. The transmission electron microscope revealed lymphocytes in different sizes. The reticular cells appeared between the lymphocytes as large polygonal cells with large pale nuclei and vesicular cytoplasm. Macrophages also were observed. Two types of capillaries were detected. The first type showed less irregular endothelial lining with few internal projections; outer collagenous fibers were lacking and the endothelial cells were surrounded by retincular cells. The other type showed a highly irregular endothelial lining and an outer investment of a prominent collagenous coat. The epithelial investment of the first type and the collagenous coat of the other type were suggested to share in the hemato-thymic barrier around both types of thymic capillaries